. 2024 Jan 18;12(2):246. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12020246

Table 4.

Preclinical Studies on Health and Side Effects from Whey Supplementation.

First Author	Year	Model	WP Dose	Follow-Up Period	Outcome	Ref.
Amanzadeh	2003	Male Sprague Dawley rats, (8 weeks old, Weight 232 g)	3.34 g/kg/day:	59 days	↓ urinary pH, ↑ ammonia and calcium concentration in urine in the ↑ protein group ↓ bone density at the femur level in the ↑ protein group	[38]
Orosco	2004	Male Wistar rats (Weight 200–250 g)	190 g/Kg alpha-lactalbumin	6 days	↑ Serotonin production ↓ Anxiety after alpha-lactalbumin consumption	[39]
Aparicio	2011	Albino male Wistar rats (Young, Weight 150 g) undergoing endurance training	Not specified	3 months	↑ Renal volume; ↑ Calcium excretion with high protein intake ↓ Effects of high protein with endurance exercise	[40]
Delamaire	2012	Male Sprague Dawley Rats	8.7–13 g/dL	15 days	↔ Presence of mesenteric fat ↓ Low neonatal weight ↑ Weight gain in puberty/adulthood ↑ Food intake ↑ Serum insulin, leptin, triglycerides ↑ Pancreatic β-cell number; ↑ Adipocyte size	[41]
Nunes	2013	Sedentary Wistar rats (250 to 300 g; 90 days old) undergoing endurance training	1.8 g/kg post-training	8 weeks	↑ Plasma ALT/AST; ↑ Liver/kidney toxicity with protein supplements, no training ↓ Liver/kidney toxicity with protein + resistance training	[42]
Deminice	2015	Wistar rats (weight 120 g)	Not specified	4 weeks	↑ Hepatic oxidative stress markers in protein-supplemented vs. control	[43]
Gürgen	2015	Young male Wistar albino rats (Weight 170 g) Untrained mice	Not specified	5 days and 4 weeks	↑ Inflammatory interleukins/TNF-alpha with 4 weeks protein supplementation ↑ Liver toxicity; ↑ Apoptotic signals	[44]
Sanchez-Moya	2017	In vitro (donor faeces)	Variable	24 h	↑ Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus with whey supplementation. ↑ Production of short-chain fatty acids.	[45]
Zhou	2022	Female Kunming mice (age 6 weeks, weight 25–30 g)	Variable	7 weeks	↑ SOD concentrations; ↓ Oxidative stress with protein supplementation. ↑ Lactobacillus; ↓ Helicobacter; positive intestinal effects.	[46]

This table presents a summary of preclinical studies investigating the health impacts and side effects of whey protein supplementation. It includes information about the first author, publication year, model used in the study, whey protein dose, follow-up period, observed outcomes, and references. Abbreviations: ↑: Increased, ↓: Decreased, ↔: No change/Stable, ALT: Alanine Aminotransferase, AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase, SOD: Superoxide Dismutase, TNF-alpha: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha.

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Table - PMC

Table 4.